ad marks a boundary or extent, especially the point up to which an action, time, reach, or amount is stated.

As a preposition, ad marks the limit or extent attached to a clause: an action may continue to a stated point, a reach may extend to a boundary, or an amount may be specified up to a limit.

1. Preposition marking a limit or extent · dominant

   The preposition frames a boundary in different kinds of clauses: in Daniel 2:34 the APB renders Daniel's watching as continuing “until a stone was cut out,” while in Daniel 4:22 greatness and dominion reach “to the heavens” and “to the end of the earth.” It also marks a stopping point for work in Ezra 4:24, the duration of an unfinished construction in Ezra 5:16, and stated quantity limits in Ezra 7:22.

   Daniel 2:34Daniel 4:22Daniel 5:21Ezra 4:24Ezra 5:16Ezra 7:22

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly reflects the preposition with boundary expressions such as “until,” “to,” and “up to,” as in Daniel 2:34, Daniel 4:22, and Ezra 7:22. Some occurrences are absorbed into the verse's broader wording.