na.gach describes forceful horn-driven striking, by an ox or against peoples and opponents.

The attested use describes forceful striking with horns: an ox attacks a person in legal cases, while horn imagery depicts attacking peoples, weak ones, or an opponent. The same action is presented both through animal behavior and through conflict imagery.

1. Horn-driven striking against a target · dominant

   In Exodus 21:28, Exodus 21:31, and Exodus 21:32, Qal imperfect forms occur in conditional cases where an ox strikes a man, woman, son, daughter, or servant; the APB renders the action "gores." Piel forms extend the same horn action to peoples in Deuteronomy 33:17, to weak ones driven away in Ezekiel 34:21, and to the ram's directional advance in Daniel 8:4, where the APB renders the ram "charging."

   Exodus 21:28Exodus 21:31Exodus 21:32Deuteronomy 33:17Ezekiel 34:21Daniel 8:4

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly renders the action with "gores" in the ox cases and horn imagery, while Daniel 8:4 presents the ram as "charging." In Psalm 44:6, the supplied translation does not make a corresponding action apparent; Its wording cannot by itself settle the term's contribution there.