ga.daph denotes defiant speech against the LORD, including hostile taunting directed at him.

The attested use concerns defiant speech or conduct directed against the LORD: hostile words are spoken against him in the Assyrian setting, Israel's fathers are charged with such offense amid unfaithfulness, and Numbers places it in the conduct of one acting “with a high hand.”

1. Defiant speech against the LORD · dominant

   The Piel perfect forms describe words directed against the LORD: in 2 Kings 19:22 the APB renders the accusation, “Whom have you taunted and blasphemed?”, and Ezekiel 20:27 places the offense in the fathers’ “unfaithfulness against me.” In Numbers 15:30, the Piel active participle identifies the person acting “with a high hand” as one who commits this offense against the LORD. Psalm 44:17 also has the active participle, though the supplied APB wording does not transparently isolate its contribution.

   2 Kings 19:222 Kings 19:6Isaiah 37:23Isaiah 37:6Ezekiel 20:27Numbers 15:30

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across the supplied APB verses, the offense is presented with “blasphemed,” while 2 Kings 19:22 and Isaiah 37:23 pair that wording with “taunted.” Psalm 44:17 does not clearly show a separate English rendering for the participle.