Penthos denotes sorrow seen in lamentation, coming affliction, and the future removal of mourning.

The attested use denotes sorrow or mourning: it accompanies lament and weeping in James 4:9, is named among coming afflictions in Revelation 18:7 and Revelation 18:8, and is included among what will be no more in Revelation 21:4.

1. Sorrow and mourning in lament or affliction · dominant

   In James 4:9, the accusative singular occurs in a call to lament, mourn, and weep, as the APB renders the change from laughter and joy to mourning and dejection. In Revelation 18:7 and Revelation 18:8, the verse context places it among coming torment, death, and hunger; in Revelation 21:4, the nominative singular is included in the things that will no longer exist, alongside death, crying, and pain.

   James 4:9Revelation 18:7Revelation 18:8Revelation 21:4

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the surrounding clauses with “mourning” in James 4:9 and Revelation 21:4 and with “grief” in Revelation 18:7 and Revelation 18:8. These renderings show the verses' presentation rather than a separate meaning in each context.