Koniortos denotes dust, whether shaken from the feet or flung into the air.

The occurrences depict dust most often as something shaken or wiped from the feet when leaving an unreceptive place; Acts 22:23 also places it among material flung into the air.

1. Dust handled in public actions · dominant

   In Matthew 10:14, Luke 9:5, Luke 10:11, and Acts 13:51, the accusative singular form occurs with dust shaken or wiped from the feet when departing from those who do not receive the messengers. In Acts 22:23, the APB renders the scene as people "flinging dust into the air," showing the same material being thrown rather than removed from the feet.

   Matthew 10:14Luke 9:5Luke 10:11Acts 13:51Acts 22:23

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB uses "dust" in every occurrence: it describes dust shaken or wiped from feet in four verses and dust flung into the air in Acts 22:23. These renderings reflect the clauses' overall presentation.