koinonia is shared association with others, expressed in fellowship, common involvement, and giving.

The attested use most often denotes shared association among believers or with named divine persons; it also describes common involvement in the gospel, Spirit, sufferings, and Christ’s body and blood, and it can concern giving or ministry directed toward others.

1. shared fellowship and association · dominant

   In 1 John 1:3, the accusative form occurs in the stated purpose that the hearers may have fellowship with the proclaimers, while the nominative form identifies that fellowship as being with the Father and his Son. Acts 2:42 places the dative form alongside the apostles’ teaching, breaking of bread, and prayers; Galatians 2:9 describes a right hand of fellowship given in connection with distinct work among Gentiles and the circumcised.

   1 John 1:31 John 1:61 John 1:7Acts 2:42Galatians 2:92 Corinthians 13:13
2. common involvement in a stated reality · common

   In 1 Corinthians 10:16, the nominative form is used in paired questions concerning the cup and the bread in relation to Christ’s blood and body. Philippians 1:5 and Philippians 2:1 connect the term respectively with the gospel and the Spirit, while Philippians 3:10 places the accusative form in the desire to share sufferings.

   1 Corinthians 10:162 Corinthians 6:14Philippians 1:5Philippians 2:1Philippians 3:10Philemon 1:6
3. sharing through ministry and gifts · occasional

   In 2 Corinthians 8:4, the accusative form is linked with ministry to the saints, and 2 Corinthians 9:13 speaks of openness toward them and toward all. Romans 15:26 concerns a contribution directed to poor holy ones in Jerusalem; Hebrews 13:16 places the genitive form with doing good and sharing what is possessed.

   2 Corinthians 8:42 Corinthians 9:13Romans 15:26Hebrews 13:16

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly presents the term with “fellowship,” especially in relational clauses, and with “participation” where the verse concerns common involvement or a contribution. In Hebrews 13:16 it renders the surrounding expression as “share what you have”; That wording cannot by itself isolate the lemma’s contribution.