ra.zan denotes people exercising rule or authority, appearing alongside kings, decrees, counsel, and judgment.

The attested participial forms identify persons who exercise authority: they are addressed with kings, decree righteousness, take counsel, face judgment, and are mocked or brought to nothing.

1. Those exercising authority · dominant

   All six occurrences use a Qal active participle, masculine plural, absolute, for a group identified by its governing activity or status. In Proverbs 8:15 the APB renders the clause "rulers decree righteousness," while Psalm 2:2 has them taking counsel with the kings; Judges 5:3 addresses them beside kings, and Proverbs 31:4 places them in an admonition concerning strong drink. Habakkuk 1:10 and Isaiah 40:23 portray such figures as mocked or reduced to nothing.

   Habakkuk 1:10Isaiah 40:23Judges 5:3Proverbs 31:4Proverbs 8:15Psalm 2:2

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB consistently presents the group as "rulers" in the supplied verses, including those who decree, take counsel, are mocked, or are brought to nothing. This rendering is treated as confirmation of the clauses rather than a fixed English equivalent.