tso.ah denotes excrement or defiling uncleanness, depicted as consumed in distress or washed away from people.

The term most often occurs in descriptions of excrement or foul waste, including what besieged people are said to eat and drink and what fills tables alongside vomit. It also describes uncleanness attached to people or a generation and presented as needing removal or washing.

1. Excrement and foul waste · dominant

   In 2 Kings 18:27 and Isaiah 36:12, the construct form occurs in the Rabshakeh's statement about men on the wall being made to eat waste; the APB renders the clauses with “dove-dung” and “their own dung.” In Isaiah 28:8, the absolute form appears in a scene where every table is filled with vomit; the APB renders the following clause, “filth is without a place.”

   2 Kings 18:27Isaiah 28:8Isaiah 36:12
2. Uncleanness needing removal · occasional

   In Isaiah 4:4, the construct form is the object of washing away from the daughters of Zion. In Proverbs 30:12, it occurs in the description of a generation that considers itself pure yet has not been washed; the APB renders both clauses with “filth.”

   Isaiah 4:4Proverbs 30:12

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the term with “dove-dung,” “dung,” and “filth” across these verses. Those renderings confirm the clauses' imagery without establishing a separate meaning for each English expression.