kakopatheo describes undergoing hardship or suffering, whether personally, by exhortation, or as a condition answered by prayer.

The attested use consistently concerns undergoing hardship or suffering: Paul speaks in the first person while chained, Timothy is commanded to face suffering, and a suffering person is directed to pray.

1. Undergoing hardship or suffering · dominant

   In 2 Timothy 2:9, the first-person present form occurs in Paul's statement that he suffers to the point of chains. In 2 Timothy 4:5, the second-person aorist form is an exhortation within commands to be sober-minded and fulfill ministry; in James 5:13, the third-person present form describes someone whose hardship is answered with prayer.

   2 Timothy 2:92 Timothy 4:5James 5:13

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the clauses with “suffer,” “endure suffering,” and “enduring hardship.” Because it is a whole-verse translation, these variations confirm the verses' shared setting of hardship without establishing separate lexical senses.