sa.ar denotes a reaction of shuddering or horror in scenes of calamity and devastation.

The attested use denotes shuddering or horror as a response to disaster: coastal inhabitants and kings react over devastation, kings react at a fallen city's fate, and people are appalled on the day of calamity.

1. Horror in response to calamity · dominant

   The noun occurs in reactions to ruin and disaster. In Ezekiel 27:35 the APB renders the surrounding response to devastation as kings who “shudder with horror”; in Ezekiel 32:10 it describes kings' reaction when the sword is brought before them, and in Job 18:20 the APB renders the response on the day of calamity as being “seized with horror.”

   Ezekiel 27:35Ezekiel 32:10Job 18:20

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the surrounding reaction with “shudder with horror,” “shudder with shuddering,” and being “seized with horror.” These phrases show the verse-level portrayal rather than isolating a fixed English equivalent.