sa.ar describes shuddering in response to horror, desolation, or a catastrophic fall.

Across the attested verses, sa.ar denotes shuddering in the face of appalling devastation: it describes kings reacting to a city's fall and summons the heavens to react with horror.

1. Shuddering before devastation and horror · dominant

   In Ezekiel 27:35, the Qal perfect describes kings' reaction as the coastlands are desolate; the APB renders the clause "their kings shudder with horror." Ezekiel 32:10 similarly has a Qal imperfect for kings' response to a coming fall, while Jeremiah 2:12 uses a Qal imperative to summon the heavens to shudder at what is declared.

   Ezekiel 27:35Ezekiel 32:10Jeremiah 2:12

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB uses "shudder" in all three verses, adding "with horror" in Ezekiel 27:35 and "with shuddering" in Ezekiel 32:10. These phrases confirm the verses' presentation without fixing a separate nuance for each form.