sa.dad denotes working cultivated ground, including the action described after plowing or in a furrow.

The attested use consistently concerns working the soil: ground is opened and worked in Isaiah 28:24, valleys are worked in Job 39:10, and Jacob is assigned this agricultural action in Hosea 10:11.

1. Working ground after or alongside plowing · dominant

   All three occurrences use the Piel imperfect third masculine singular form in agricultural clauses. In Isaiah 28:24 the APB renders the question about a plowman who opens and “harrow[s] his ground”; in Job 39:10 it asks whether the wild ox will “harrow the valleys,” while Hosea 10:11 assigns the action to Jacob after Judah plows.

   Hosea 10:11Isaiah 28:24Job 39:10

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across Hosea 10:11, Isaiah 28:24, and Job 39:10, the APB presents the agricultural action with “harrow,” applied respectively to Jacob, ground, and valleys. The verse is read as a whole, but each clause places the form in a soil-working context.