sha.aph denotes forceful, harmful pressure against people or land, including the oppression of the poor and attack by enemies.

The attested use depicts forceful harm or pressure: the poor are subjected to it in Amos 2:7 and Amos 8:4, a land is made desolate in Ezekiel 36:3, and enemies act against the psalmist in Psalm 56:2. The forms in Psalm 56:3 and Psalm 57:4 occur in similarly hostile settings, though the APB does not isolate their specific contribution.

1. Forcefully harming or pressing down · dominant

   In Amos 2:7, the masculine plural active participle occurs in the clause about the heads of the poor upon the dust of the land; in Amos 8:4, the same participial form addresses those acting against the needy and poor. In Ezekiel 36:3, the infinitive absolute occurs in the accusation that the land was made desolate, while Psalm 56:2 uses a perfect form in the psalmist's complaint about enemies all day long. Psalm 56:3 and Psalm 57:4 place other forms in contexts of fear and hostile human threat, but the APB does not separately render the term there.

   Amos 2:7Amos 8:4Ezekiel 36:3Psalm 56:2Psalm 56:3Psalm 57:4

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB explicitly uses “crush” in Amos 2:7, Ezekiel 36:3, and Psalm 56:2, and “trample” in Amos 8:4. In Psalm 56:3 and Psalm 57:4, the translation presents fear and hostile danger without isolating a corresponding English rendering.