a.van describes Saul’s ongoing watchfulness toward David in a hostile setting.

The attested use depicts Saul as continuing to watch David from that day onward, with the verse placing that observation in a context of iniquity.

1. Watching someone with hostile intent · dominant

   In 1 Samuel 18:9, the Qal active participle describes Saul’s ongoing observation of David; the APB renders the clause, “Saul was watching David with iniquity from that day onward.”

   1 Samuel 18:9

In the Anselm Project Bible: In 1 Samuel 18:9, the APB presents the action as “was watching” David and frames it “with iniquity.” That broader hostile framing cannot be assigned to the term alone.