Phoros is a charge paid or owed to governing authorities in the cited passages.

The attested use concerns a charge paid or owed to Caesar or to those entitled to receive it: it is questioned in Luke 20:22, alleged to have been forbidden in Luke 23:2, and required in Romans 13:6 and Romans 13:7.

1. A charge paid or owed to authorities · dominant

   The accusative singular and plural forms occur as what is paid or withheld: in Luke 20:22 the APB renders the question, "Is it lawful for us to pay tax to Caesar or not?"; in Luke 23:2 it renders an accusation concerning "forbidding the payment of taxes to Caesar." Romans 13:6 and Romans 13:7 place the term in instructions to pay what is owed, including "tax to whom tax is due."

   Luke 20:22Luke 23:2Romans 13:6Romans 13:7

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the term with "tax" in Luke 20:22 and Romans 13:7, and with "taxes" in Luke 23:2 and Romans 13:6. These renderings confirm the clauses' subject without establishing finer distinctions.