Proskopto describes stumbling or striking against an obstacle, whether on a path, against a stone, or in a figurative setting.

The dominant attested use describes stumbling in relation to an obstacle, whether a lack of light, a stone, or conduct that causes another person to stumble. It also occurs for a direct impact, especially a foot against a stone and winds striking a house.

1. Stumble in relation to an obstacle · dominant

   In John 11:9 and John 11:10, the present singular form occurs in the contrast between walking in daylight without stumbling and walking at night because light is absent. In Romans 14:21, the APB renders the clause about conduct by which a brother "stumbles," while Romans 9:32 and 1 Peter 2:8 place the action in clauses concerning a stone of stumbling.

   John 11:9John 11:10Romans 14:21Romans 9:321 Peter 2:8
2. Strike against a physical object · common

   In Matthew 4:6 and Luke 4:11, the aorist subjunctive singular occurs in the warning that a foot not strike against a stone. In Matthew 7:27, the aorist plural form occurs as rain, rivers, and winds come and strike the house before it collapses.

   Matthew 4:6Luke 4:11Matthew 7:27

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the term with "stumbles" in walking and brother-related clauses, "strike your foot against a stone" in the warning clauses, and "struck" or "struck against" in the house and stone clauses. These renderings indicate the surrounding clause rather than a fixed English equivalent.