proskomma denotes an obstacle associated with stumbling, whether set before another person or described as a stone struck against.

The occurrences depict an obstacle connected with stumbling: it may be set before a brother or arise in descriptions of striking against a stone. The same use is applied both to conduct that may impede another person and to the stone imagery in Romans and 1 Peter.

1. An obstacle connected with stumbling · dominant

   In 1 Corinthians 8:9, the nominative singular form occurs in the warning that personal authority not become an impediment to the weak; the APB renders the clause "become a stumbling block to the weak." In Romans 14:13 and Romans 14:20, the singular forms occur in instructions not to place such an obstacle before a brother or to eat "with offense." In Romans 9:32, Romans 9:33, and 1 Peter 2:8, the genitive singular form occurs with stone imagery; the APB describes striking against "the stone of stumbling" and a "stone of stumbling."

   1 Corinthians 8:9Romans 14:13Romans 14:20Romans 9:32Romans 9:331 Peter 2:8

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly presents the relevant clauses with "stumbling block" or "stone of stumbling," while Romans 14:20 speaks of eating "with offense." These phrases indicate the verse-level presentation rather than fixed English equivalents.