mochthos denotes strenuous labor or hardship, especially work undertaken night and day without burdening others.

The attested use denotes strenuous labor or hardship: it occurs in statements of working night and day so as not to burden others, and in a list of difficult conditions alongside sleeplessness, hunger, thirst, cold, and nakedness.

1. Strenuous labor and hardship · dominant

   In 1 Thessalonians 2:9, the accusative singular form occurs in the statement about working night and day so as not to burden anyone; the APB renders the verse "our labor and hardship." In 2 Thessalonians 3:8, the dative singular form stands in the clause about working night and day rather than eating bread without payment; the APB renders "with labor and toil." In 2 Corinthians 11:27, the same dative singular form occurs within a list of severe circumstances; the APB renders "In toil and hardship."

   1 Thessalonians 2:92 Corinthians 11:272 Thessalonians 3:8

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the term in paired expressions: "labor and hardship," "toil and hardship," and "labor and toil." These pairings confirm the verses' presentation of arduous work and hardship without isolating one fixed English equivalent.